The Effectiveness of Diversity Management Essay

The Effectiveness of Diversity Management - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that the objectives of diversity management in the workplace relate to the creation of a positive work environment that contributes in the mutual growth of the organization and the members involved. Similarly the objectives of organizational diversity also reflect on effectively collaborating the differences and likelihood of the perceptions of the different people to help achieve the organizational goals and business objectives. It thus works as a method aiming to synchronize the knowledge, experiences, expectations and the understanding of the different organizational members to arrive at a common solution that has a larger potential than business solutions generated on an individual level. This paper highlights that the effectiveness of the diversity management in the workplace stems out from the fact that it contributes in promoting the growth and development at the individual level thereby helping the people to think and act in a creative and innovative fashion in the organization. Management of a diverse workforce in an organization also contributes in promoting the growth of teamwork such that it helps in the sharing of knowledge, experiences and thoughts between the different team members thereby enhancing their skills, expertise, motivation and confidence levels in meeting organizational objectives. Diversity management in the workplace is generated through the generation of training to the employees based on different languages.

XBUS KJ Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

XBUS KJ - Assignment Example According to Byloos (2011), the disagreement that arises between employers and employees is that most employers believe undocumented workers should not be accorded equal employment rights as U.S citizens since their being in the U.S is itself illegal and if they are protected by this law then it will be a violation of the country’s immigration laws. engaging in intentional discrimination of workers. According to the law, it is unlawful to discriminate individuals on the basis of their birthplace, ethnic group and ancestral culture. The purpose of this law is to prohibit employers from discriminating on employees since they cannot speak English or because they come from a certain country (Labor Employment Law Forum, 2012). Title VII requires that employees not be denied their employment rights since the law requires that any individual should not be discriminated in any aspect of employment. Whether an employee is a naturalized citizen of the United States or not they are supposed to be protected by Title VII against discrimination at the work place if they are legal aliens. Even though, Title VII of the civil rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination on the basis of color, ethnicity, country or origin, sex, and religion, it is apparent from recent Court of Appeal rulings that undocumented workers are not protected by this law. For instance, the court of appeal seventh circuit ruled in Cortezano v. Salin Bank & Trust Co that the employer was not in violation of Title VII when he terminated an employee based on their alien status (Labor Employment Law Forum, 2012). It should be clear that undocumented workers are not protected by this law since an employer has the right to terminate an employee based on his or her alien status. It is clear that when undocumented worker are protected by Title VII, it will bring a conflict since this will mean the nation’s immigration laws will be violated. 2. Who do you think has the stronger argument - employer or

Theology Marriage in the 20th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Theology Marriage in the 20th Century - Essay Example Duncan thinks that perhaps knowing how to fight will help his son survive as a man in a man's world, just as he thinks this skill helped himself and his brothers cope with life: "Over time, physical combat begot intellectual combat, and our competitiveness and discipline allowed us to be fairly successful in the world" (Duncan 2009, 1). Mr. Duncan wants to be a just parent, as he worries about "failing [his] children" (Duncan 2009, 1). What he means to be the implications of failing his children, one is not exactly sure. Would his children become effeminate if they didn't learn how to fight Would they not have material success in the world if they didn't learn how to fight Duncan says the conflict between pacifism and fighting "creates a kind of parental dissonance, a discomfort that [he feels] slightly embarrassed to talk about in polite company" (Duncan 2009, 1). Duncan wonders if he is being a good father by not teaching his son to fight-just as his own father seemed to have been an effective father by teaching his sons how to fight, and also carry on the legacy of his grandfather. Duncan seems to be indebted to his father but conflicted by the social message of the Catholic teaching he grew up with: "My father would tell me that my son should learn to fight. My church tells me he should learn to love. Am I a bad father for teaching him one, and not the other I hope not" (Duncan 2009, 1). In some ways, Duncan feels a call to lead a "countercultural" sort of lifestyle. He says he is "a Catholic who takes the call to be a peacemaker much more seriously than [his] own parents did. Though [he] is not a pacifist[he has] great admiration and respect for the kind fo courage pacifism entails[my own] paradox" (Duncan 2009, 1). Some advice for Mr. Duncan is in order. First of all, Mr. Duncan must realize that there are certain unwritten codes which we all follow according to the gender roles which society dictates. In a study of ads, "Goffman's models seem to follow one body of tacit social rules about gender, not two or three, or some mix[a sort of] code" (Hochschild 2003, 46). Mr. Duncan's child is young. It is normal for a child to question at that age who he is. "So, at this point [in a boy's life], [he's] asking [himself], Who and what am I Is this my identity" (Cahill 2006, 146) A good relationship with his father is guaranteed to help his son have success in life, not learning how to fight necessarily. Gathered from the "clinical experience of many psychiatrists and therapists doesstemfrom problematic relationships with parents. The basic idea is that each individual in some sense has to 'achieve' his gender identity by going through a developmental process" (Cahill 2006, 153). This solves the issue of gender roles. Now, Duncan is worried if he is being a just parent. "[W]here the ordinary relationships with parents are disrupted [in this process of achieving gender identity]this process is short-circuited" (Cahill 2006, 153). Clearly Duncan does not have problems here. He may perceive he is being a bad parent if he does not clearly define gender roles-ultra-masculinity being demonstrated by the fact that his son would know how to fight. "Ultra-femininity, like ultra-masculinity, may mask the underlying

Imperialism in the late 19th century Essay Example for Free

Imperialism in the late 19th century Essay In the late 19th century Americans fully embraced the concept of American exceptionalism, believing the â€Å"United States had a destiny unique among nations to foster democracy and civilization.† With this ideology, Social Darwinism, Anglo-Saxon, naval expansion, and the need for market promoted the rise to imperialism in the United States. When the Americans moved west and defeated the Native Americans they felt matchless because of all the technological and social developments they had over the Native Americans. Americans were able to trade and exchange guns, agriculture, and animals with Europe and Asia. The Americans thought God was making room for them but Social Darwinism is what vindicated the Whites ruling over weaker races. The wealthy used a scientific theory as a comparison to validate their greedy behavior and avoid paying taxes. There were 14 hour days for employees, no annuities, healthcare, or education. They believed the poor should work their way out of poverty. Darwinists assumed some races were inherently determined and that nature should be allowed to eliminate the unfortunate. Their way of thinking is what initiated the Holocaust. They believed that the assassinations of the Jews in World War ll meant they were cleaning out mediocre heredities. Darwinism, not to be addressed so much to Charles Darwin, but Herbert Spencer, came up with the expression â€Å"survival of the fittest.† Darwinism was a feuded rivalry between social groups creating a dog-eat-dog world. The Anglo-Saxon race felt different and that they were the superior and higher ones that were pre destined to rule the world. Josiah Strong, a Congregationalist minister, believed â€Å"The Essence of Christianity is Love.† In order to even consider yourself an Anglo-Saxon, you had to love civil liberty. You had to be a strong spiritual Christian and have a brain for colonizing. You also had to possess a great liveliness toward your own kind. Strong insisted that the Anglo-Saxons spread Christianity and share their material godsends throughout the world. The group was predestined by God. Strong believed that in order to spread out, there needed to be form of connection between the United States and the Philippines. The United States would bring the gospel of Jesus to the unfortunate races. To gain supremacy in the Pacific, they needed to build a  canal across Central America. The Anglo-Saxons needed to obtain power over the Pacific to complete the works of God and the United States needed the islands because Russia’s effect on Korea was growing rapidly. In 1901, expansion became a certainty. Mahan believed the United States economy would be incapable of receiving the vast amounts of industrial and commercial goods being manufactured locally. He then guaranteed the United States an assured access to international markets. Securing access would cause for a stronger navy, a navy that could carry out American commodities across the great highway and high seas. They needed a battleship navy to extinguish opposing navies and a system of naval bases proficient enough to provide fuel and supplies for the expanded navy. Mahan suggested the idea that the countries with the largest navy would attain the world. He was very adamant about the importance of the navy and trying to overcome the world. This was believed to be even truer once Hawaii, Cuba, and the Philippines were acquired. William Seward then strived to endorse an agreement with the Colombian Government to allow the United States to build a waterway through the Panama territory. After the Spanish-American War, the United States attained power over territories that could function as coaling stations and naval bases. The foreign market for American redundant products caused economic expansion to those nations. America was manufacturing way more than they could use. The markets of oil, steel, and agriculture were in major favor of the American expansion. Most demands for expansion were met by large commercial farmers. Vast amounts of raw materials were needed to properly preserve a strong industrial economy. Machinery became a large industry and all kinds of machines were established. Businesses were able to maneuver over wide areas creating chain stores everywhere. The invention of the steamship cut the travel time for shipping goods. The faster shipments arrived, the faster they could take advantage of supplies and sell manufactured goods. Oil was discovered in western Pennsylvania and used as lubricants and kerosene for lamps. Steel mills flourished in places where coal and iron elements could be brought together to produce steel. The American labor movement began to create unions. The unions began negotiating with possessors for higher earnings and  better working environments. The wi de-ranging knowledge of industrial development and scientific development helped enable perception for the creation of new businesses and technologies. Advanced technology strengthened the power and control of industrialized countries. The convenience of prosperity, progression by the unrestricted market of controllable canals, and coastal waterways, the large quantity of natural resources aided cheap withdrawal of goods. This strengthened the power and influence of industrial countries and allowed them higher advantage in war and economic growth. Contribution in the war overwhelmingly reformed the economy, governments, and society of the nation. This created a lucrative report creating work places for large immigrations. The United States had taken its place as the leading world supremacy. Works Cited Henretta, A. James, https://spider.georgetown.college.edu/htalent/border/bs1/berge.htm

Illegal Typography :: Graffiti Crime Papers

Illegal Typography Enter TAKI 183, a kid that lives on 183rd street in the Washington Heights area of Manhattan. The number means just that, TAKI lives on 183rd street, therefore he chose his number street as a sign of location, as a base saying " yo' kid I'm from 183rd ". TAKI works as a messenger, going through all 5 boroughs of the city. When he travels he writes his name on all of the stations that he came upon, he was "up" (name being written everywhere). Which is an important part of graffiti, but this objective does not have any importance at this time. In 1971, a reporter from the New York Times looking for a story, tracked TAKI down and interviewed him. As a result the article was hot, this gave TAKI his 15 minutes, and sparked a citywide rush of all of these kids wanting fame that TAKI received. Kids were very impressed by the notoriety of a name that appeared all over the city, therefore they now realize the pride they felt in seeing and having their friends see and talk about whom they saw up.The kids also realized that in order to get fame they must go beyond the neighborhood. This began the frenzy of competition for fame. As hundreds of kids following what TAKI did, even though he followed someone named JULIO 204, that was writing graffiti for years, but never outside of his neighborhood. Realizing that they can use the transportation system for free advertising, is just what the writers needed for a mass audience. Their names traveled outside of the neighborhood, and increased their fame 1000 fold. Though I lived in Chicago I followed a similar path. New York is considered the birthplace of artistic graffiti, even though the act is preformed all over the world before 1960. The history of graffiti is recent and brief, but has a monumental place in the art world. It is the only art movement that is illegal. And it does not contain a series of welfare kids from torn and broken single-parent homes that are screaming for attention. The phenomenon differs from all other sorts of writing on the bathroom wall of a run-down bar. In New York 1960, teenagers began to write their names all over, I mean everywhere, soon are more surfaces written on then open space. All of these names are appearing, but they were nicknames, few choose to use their real names.

Bureaucracy in Tigbao Primary Multi Purpose Cooperative Inc.

INTRODUCTION Bureaucracy refers to the management of large organizations characterized by hierarchy of authority, fixed rules and regulations, impersonal relationships, rigid adherence to procedures, and a highly specialized division of labor. Bureaucracy is often associated with large entities such as government, corporations and non-governmental organizations. This includes businesses, government, education and religion. Bureaucracy connotes a rational, efficient method of accomplishing organizational goals as this would contribute to coordination and control in an organization. Max Weber, a German sociologist and political economist, gave much importance on rationality wherein efficient administration of formal rules and procedures takes place. This rationality usually occurs in almost all aspects replacing the traditional methods of social organization. Weber’s study on bureaucracy is based on ideal-type analysis and to develop this, Weber noted and has set ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations. These ideal characteristics include fixed division of labor, hierarchy of authority, creation of rules and regulations, selection based on qualifications and impersonality on personnel matters. Although not all organization acquire these characteristics, and does not fit exactly ideal type of bureaucracy, these would serve as criteria on an ideal bureaucracy present in the organization. Tigbao Primary Multi-Purpose Cooperative Inc. (TPMPCI) Tigbao, Libagon, Southern Leyte Ideal Characteristics of Bureaucracy Fixed division of labor. This refers to how the various tasks of a certain organization are divided up and being performed. The Tigbao Primary Multi-Purpose Cooperative Inc. does not possess this characteristic since their business focuses only on merchandising or trading goods and offer loan ervices to customers. In their trading business, as long as an employee knows the job and has a good educational background, she/he is qualified for the position held. Their work is not that too hard and does not require too much skills and specialization that’s why each employee can work in behalf of the other, if due to some cases such as absent, as long as he/she is very well-oriented. Also, in their loaning service, they hire employees based on his ability to handle the work and being able to know the work. Thus, the cooperative does not necessarily hire specialized experts and division of labor does not take place within the organization. Hierarchy of authority or chain of command. The hierarchy of authority in an organization is designed to benefit the company and the employees. The company grows with the strength of a competent managerial staff, and employees look to management to provide career development. A hierarchy is also a method of maintaining managerial integrity. When someone becomes a manager, she must prove to be competent, or else she will experience employee turnover. The hierarchy of authority in an organization is important to the sustained success of the company. The principles of office hierarchy and of levels of grade authority is present in the organization wherein their president or high ranking officer control and supervise the lower office or the lower levels in the organization. This clearly shows that the organization follow a chain of command which is very essential to the productivity and efficiency in the sense that lower levels also maintain the right to appeal the decisions made by the higher office. Thus, formal hierarchy would contribute to its centralization of the decisions made. Explicit Rules and Regulations. Rules and regulations are essential to one organization since it will be an aid in promoting workers efficiency. The Tigbao Primary Multi-Purpose Cooperative Inc. has certain rules employed by the organization to govern performance of workers. One of these is a standard rule in their organization that they should be on-time and avoid tardiness but these rules was not that clearly followed since the organizations’ wages and salaries are based on percentage yield. In their trading business, if the organization has no client or customers who will purchase their goods, they also have no salary. That is why employees should work hard as early as 07:00 in the morning so that they can also have a great percentage. Meanwhile in their loaning service, employees tend to follow the first come first serve basis so that there is an equal treatment among the clients. The written rules provided by the organization determine the performance of workers thus, absent of these rules in their organization would lead to inefficiency of the workers. Qualification-Based Employment. Selection, recruitment and hiring in the organization rely on specific qualification such as educational background and personality of the applicants. Their organization discourages favoritism and family connections such as â€Å"backers† since it is not an acceptable criterion for employment. Their organizations employment is largely based on technical qualifications, but not necessarily on the field of expertise but as long as he/she have the knowledge about the job. Impersonality on Personnel Matters. This means that workers should work based on their official status not on personal feelings thus there should be a detached approach on this. Officials in the said organization separate their personal feelings among clients or co-workers. This idea also means that they treated all employees equally and customers equally. They interact according to their official status. Through this impersonality, workers can work effectively without caring for their individual safety. Thus, it enables workers to be more productive in their work. Shortcomings or Problems: Inefficiency and Rigidity. Policies and procedures in the said organization contributed to inefficiency and rigidity in the sense that they follow the step-by-step procedures rather than getting the job done correctly by means of providing solutions to problems. Example of this, in their loans service, is when there were urgent transactions, they tend to follow the correct procedures in having a negotiation with their clients instead of considering their situation. But in some cases when they tend to loan in the service and withdraw money, and if they have their valid reasons, they consider their reasons. One thing employees consider in their organization is that they ear that if they were not able to follow the norms and violated the norms of impersonality, they can be accused to favoritism or â€Å"bias† thus, making if inefficient one since it takes a lot of time in following such procedures. Also, on the part of their trading business, employees were told not to let clients to have a credit during t he end of the month or if they have an inventory, that’s why most clients were mad since some tend to consider others. This leads to inefficiency since there is unequal treatment present thus making it ineffective in catering the needs of customers. Resistant to change. This refers to the action taken by individuals and groups when they perceive that a change that is occurring as a threat to them. In their organization, unfortunately, they do not have new technologies which they can utilize for the betterment of their organization and improve its productivity. But if they acquire new technologies such as computer for their paper works, they will utilize it and willing to adapt to changes. Since they had considered that through the new technologies, their transactions will be more accurate and their work is more convenient and fast also can make workers boost their competence on their work. This problem regarding bureaucracy on their organization is not that a great barrier on their part to promote efficiency on their work since when they select and in hiring process of employees, they based it on the employees’ computer literacy thus enables them to productive. Perpetuation of Race, Class and Gender Inequalities. The problem regarding treatment of employees unequally in their organization does not occur since they have equally treated their employees. Racial class inequality does not occur in their organization since employees have the same races and if they have this racial class inequality, this is not imperative in the organization. Regarding social class, middle class employees and working class employee have an equal chance to be promoted. They consider the performance since it would contribute to the success of their organization, Also the gender is not the basis in employment. If you have the qualification, whether you are a male or female applicant, you have the chance to be employed in their organization. Solutions: To solve these arising problems on their organization, first, they should set specific policy which are clear and understood by workers to promote productivity and profitability of the organization and competence among employees. Since their major problem on their organization revolves around the improper implementation of the rules and regulation, they should also set alternatives on how to solve this such as stated earlier. Management by rules should be applied by the organization wherein it follows consistent set of rules to control decisions and thus executed effectively by the lower levels of the organization. Second, if employees acquire the characteristics of being resistant to changes, they have to have orientation about the new technologies used by the organization that would contribute to employees knowledgeable skills being applied in the organization. Through orientation and training, they will learn how to operate the computers, if they have. Being resistant to change plays a big role in the organization since it will boost individual’s incompetence of his/her work thus they should employ the â€Å"adaptive to changes†. Third, with concerns about division of labor, they should hire specialized experts to have a fixed division of labor present in their organization. Work is to be done obviously by specialists and people should be organized into units based on the type of work they do or skills they have. This is an essential tool in organizations so that works will be delegated among them and being expert in the field one is into is also vital in attaining the goals and objectives of the organization. Lastly, personnel should be hired based on technical competence. The appointment to a position within the organization should be made on the grounds of technical competence. Work should be assigned based on the experience and competence of the individual. Conclusion: Tigbao Primary Multi-Purpose Cooperative Inc. has these several characteristics of bureaucracy namely hierarchy of authority, wherein the order in which authority and power in an organization is wielded and delegated from top management to every employee at every level of the rganization; explicit rules and regulations, wherein rules are designed to control the conduct of those to whom it applies and regulations too are official rules, and have to be followed; qualification based employment, wherein the basis of acquiring employees is largely based on specific qualifications, and impersonality, wherein there is a degree of separation of personal status and feelings except for the fixed division of labor thus, this organi zation has applied the ideal type of bureaucracy. Although there were few problems present in their organization, but it is not that an impediment towards organizations efficiency on attaining their goals. Through these characteristics present in their organization, these would contribute a lot to their success and effectively catering the needs of the consumers. Therefore, bureaucracy can be seen as a way to make their organization more productive and efficient. And to sum up all, an ideal-type of bureaucracy do possess these characteristics.

Social Criticism in William Blakes Chimney Sweeper

Social Criticism in William Flake's â€Å"The Chimney Sweeper† ‘The Chimney Sweeper' by William Blake criticizes child labor and especially society that sees the children's misery but chooses to look away and it reveals the change of the mental state of those children who were forced to do such cruel work at the age of four to nine years. It shows the change from an innocent child that dreams of its rescue to the child that has accepted its fate. Those lives seem to oppose each other and yet if one reads the poems carefully, one can see that they have a lot in common too.The poem was inspired by the first laws that were supposed to make the chimney sweeper's life better, but since those laws were loosely enforced Blake wanted to draw attention to their horrible situation and wanted society to be aware of this problem to reinforce the existing and make new laws. Blake shows the life of two different chimney sweepers, one very naive child, Tom, that somehow managed to keep some of its childlike innocence and one that he calls ‘experienced' that sees his life more realistic and shows who is to blame for this situation.One can find many phrases that underline Tom's innocence throughout the mom but the symbols of the hair that is compared to a lamb's wool and the White hair' confirm that first impression one gets when reading the poem. Little Tom's dream is another symbol of his innocence. He dreams of an angel that comes to rescue him with a ‘bright key. In Gardener's book Flake's Innocence and Experience Retraced he comments on the dream but also has a very interesting theory of the black coffin's meaning.The gowned figure of Christ appears in the illustrations to all these poems, and in ‘The Chimney Sweeper' the same gowned figure releases the sys from the coffin â€Å"of black†, which epitomizes the horizontal flues (the size of a child's coffin) which killed so many infant sweeps (Gardner 66). His theory is that the black c offins symbolize the small chimneys where many children got suck and suffocated. Which is a reasonable theory; chimneys that were built at that time were made very narrow and many children weren't able to get out of them anymore.Here Blake criticizes that many children had to Jeopardize their life to do their Job. At first there was a poor attempt to regulate this: children were sweeping the chimneys thou clothes so the clothes could not get caught and imprison the children in a chimney but this solution was inhumane as it takes away the child's dignity and another point that had to be called to attention at that time: The children's rights as they did not have any. And it wasn't Just about the children's rights but also without clothes the children hurt their knees and elbows very much.This was even worse because of the infections through the soot as chimney sweepers were washed rarely and were sleeping on the soot they swept during the day and in a black and very narrow room with all the other chimney sweepers. Blake also criticizes that those children are in complete darkness most of their time. They ‘rose in the dark (line 21), spend their day sweeping chimneys and when they were done they would walk from door to door asking for more work and then got back into their black rooms to go to sleep.So this stands in contrast with the life little Tom dreams of where he is being washed, can run free and enjoy his life as children should be able to do. ‘And washed in the river, and shine in the sun/ then naked and white, all their bags left behind/ they rise upon the clouds and sport in the wind' (line 6-18). Tom's dream creates a bit of hope in the reader that Tom might be able to be happy and consoled by this dream but this hope is dismissed at the end of the poem.Though Tom is warm and happy inside, the cold morning shows that in reality the angel's consolation is not much of a consolation and the reader knows that even the older boys help that the hair cannot be spoiled if it is shorn off would not help much either. Also those words like dark and harm create a baleful atmosphere and through the broken rhyme scheme the reader is thrown back into Tom's dark reality. So at the ND the reader does not have a choice but to deal with this reality and think about the boys situation which is what Blake intended The conditions of the places the children slept in were another point that Blake criticizes. He sleeps in soot instead of the early mother's bosom or lap. But Just as the mother shields the child from the intense beams of God's love until he is able to bear them alone, so the sweeper's soot is ironically his shield' (Inurn 19). As this quote states the child should sleep on the mothers lap instead of soot that a child is supposed to be loved and taken care of but instead it is sold and surrounded by luckless.I disagree with the second statement that the mother shields a child from the intense beams of God' and what it is compar ed to; the reason why I disagree is that Blake was not a very religious person for his time and I doubt that he meant to draw a connection between the mothers loving shield to an ironic shield of soot. This interpretation is going away too much from the original statement and there is too much imagination in this thought. Blake criticizes that children were so young when they were sold to be chimney sweepers that they couldn't talk properly yet.The reason for this was that the chimneys were so narrow an older child would not be able to crawl through. This fact is shown very clear in the first line of both poems but the picture gets much more distinct in the second and third line where the child says he could not even pronounce the word ‘sweep' and says Weep instead. Those children were too young to be aware of their situation until they were enslaved, and when they did understand it, they would cry like Tom when he gets his hair cut.The only consolation the other older boys ca n give is that now his beautiful white hair cannot e spoiled. But if this is a good consolation at all is up to the reader to decide. Blake does not indicate whether he agrees or disagrees. From the mature or maybe the experienced point of view, it is in fact no consolation at all but little Tom seems to believe it is a good one. When my mother died I was very young, and my father sold me while yet my tongue could scarcely cry N. ‘pep! Weep! Weep! † (line 1-3). But the M. ‘pep!Weep! Weep! † does have two meanings. The first one I Just explained but it also suggests that even the innocent child is suffering and shows it through weeping. Though he does not consciously realize it yet, subconsciously he is weeping and not Warm and happy at all. The nameless second child uses this sentence again, but here it does not symbolize the child's inability to speak but the experience that is causing the child to weep. Another point of indirect criticism is that chimney sw eepers were punished if they disobeyed.One is not told directly what was to happen to the children if they did not do as they were told one only knows that the child is going to be harmed if the work is not done ‘so if all do their duty they need not fear harm' (line 24). This criticizes the way those children were treated. Some sweepers had to climb up a chimney while the fire was burning in the fire place; if the child refused they were forced ‘by fire, slaps, prodding with poles, or by the pricking of the bottoms of their feet with pins' (Inurn 17).Blake also criticizes the church, God and society. In the Songs of Innocence, little Tom's dream can be seen as a sign from God or from heaven and one can view it as a metaphorical representation of the church. So it implies that the chimney sweepers believe in the church and God's help Just as they believe in the dream's message. This meaner the church's help is compared to the angels consolation that if Tom was ‘a g ood boy/ he'd have God for his father and never want Joy (line 19-20) which is no consolation.This is Flake's indirect criticism of the church that does not help those children and of God. He raises the question of how God can be truly good if he sees this injustice and does not act to prevent those children from being harmed. And Punter explains in this book about the Songs that Blake used to ‘†¦ Associate the angelic with goodness but increasingly as the years went by he connected it with a mind of hypocritical self-righteousness†¦ ‘ (Punter 17) so the angel in Tom's dream would not be a good sign but a symbol for a hypocritical society.In the second poem the criticism goes on as the question is raised where the parent's of the chimney sweeper are, since it is their duty to take care of their child; but they left the child and went to pray to God instead. And there is more criticism of the parent's: The child asks if they sold it because it was happy and if i t is its time to suffer now because it has been happy once? This question is meant for the reader to think about if it can e right that a child has been sold because it did not show how much it is suffering. In the second poem, the reader gets to know that the child is not allowed to go to church to pray to God.Blake criticizes that children were outcasts of society Just because of their profession and there are records showing that chimney sweepers were thrown out of church if they tried to participate mass even if they were wearing the right clothes, which only a few chimney sweepers were provided with in the first place. As an instance in what a manner these poor children are treated, I remember n anecdote of a little band of them, who had the fortune to be supplied with Sundays clothing; their faces, however, proclaimed them chimney-sweepers.Curiosity, or information that the churches were houses of God, carried them within the gates of a church; but alas! They were driven out b y the beadle, with this taunt, What have chimney sweepers to do in a Church? (Inurn 18). Since there were many families that were so poor at the time the poem was written that they could not feed and sold them in order to prevent them from starvation. This is what Gardner meaner n this quotation: ‘The Gap between the respectable and the non-respectable poor was therefore widening' (Gardner xvii).The two Songs show some contrast but as one can see in the criticism there are many symbols that show up in both poems. Little Toms white hair that is shorn off shows his innocence that is being taken away from him yet the nameless child in the second poem is referred to as a ‘little black thing, the nameless child is almost seems black among the white snow, which shows that his innocence already is lost and that experience has given him the black color that makes him stand out from civilization. Nowadays one could also compare this to black people being outcasts of society in Am erica that were sold Just like the chimney sweepers.And the word sold is meant to stand out in the second line. Just like the black slaves in America those children were sold to a master to be sweeps. This would have been criticized a lot more nowadays as slavery still was quite common back then when the poem was written. The child in the second poem does not have a name and there are several reasons for that: Blake did not want to focus on one child and its situation but show that in act there are many children and therefore the child doesn't have a gender so it doesn't represent Just boys or Just girls as they were treated the same.This is a contrast to the first chimney sweeper Tom, who has a name, emotions and feelings so one can sympathies with him. The second child's experience is not presented as clearly as Tom's innocence but through its unveiled vision of its destiny and the way it accepts its fate. The child knows it has been wronged by its parent's who were supposed to ta ke good care of it and sold it like and object but it also has been ranged by ‘†¦ God and the priest and the King who make up a heaven of our misery (line 11). They try to pretend it's a perfect world and do not look at those children too closely, but since they make up a heaven†¦ (line 13) – a better world, they clearly must be aware of the misery around them. Also Blake is playing with the reader's conscience in the Songs of Innocence; the child says that he is sweeping your' chimney. The reader is included and addressed directly this ‘implicates the reader in the circle of exploration' (Seasick 53). This is also shown in Garners book: Alone among all the voices of Innocence, the chimney sweeper speaks from unrelieved destitution and an enforced self-reliance; his counterpart in Experience speaks from familiar exploration.The two sweeps state a condition, the difference being in relationships, as the illustrations signify (52). Blake does not speak for himself in his poems, he creates a narrator that states his thoughts; this way Blake can show two different states of mind or point of views without disagreeing with his previous statement and does not become unbelievable through those contradictions that may result from this. Blake believes that one can't separate those states (innocence and experience) from each other, they Just show the same world from a different perspective.Flake's poems presents a contradiction between the states of innocence and experience, two phases through which all people must pass. It shows the untainted world of an innocent child against the mature world of experience and corruption. Tom is both innocent and yet somehow experienced too because of his hard work. When he is conscious he is innocent but in his dreams – even though they are very good and innocent, he still knows that it is to the right way he is being treated, because he is dreaming of a better life; ‘†¦ He child must ind ulge in symbolic compensations for his real lot†¦ ‘ (Adams 261). One can also see this in the contrast in the sentence that ‘†¦ If he'd be a good boy†¦. ‘ (line 19). Being a good boy meaner doing his duty here. The contrast in this sentence is that actually people are supposed to be good and do their duty, but in this case to do his duty would mean that he hurts himself and maybe dies trying to ‘be good'. Blake does not ally with one particular point of view since all humans have to go through both tastes.In the Songs of Innocence life is seen through the child's eyes thus showing the innocence but in the Songs of Experience it almost appears as if it is seen through the eyes of an adult, showing that children can't stay innocent in those conditions. It shows that sooner or later the child can't believe in those promises the angel gives in the Songs of Innocence and that it will lose its innocence. This innocence ‘†¦ Can be both imag inative and pathetic at the same time – imaginative because the innocent child can transcend' his outer environment†¦ ND pathetic because the child so obviously suffers from that outward existence' Adam 206 This Quotation will underline my statement that even though the child seems innocent, it is affected by the horrible things that are happening to the child. It also shows the conflict that the reader has to deal with: does he believe in Tom's innocence and hopes everything will work out for Tom so he can stay happy and warm or does the reader believe that the child cannot be this naive and even try to believe the angel. In my opinion the reader cannot believe in Tom's happy ending as he knows too much.As we read the mom, sitting beneath the chimney newly swept in Golden Square, our discomfort arises not from the necessity of chimney-sweeping, but from the sense that a child may belong so little to the living that he is driven for necessary solace to a posthumous explo ration (Gardner 52). Gardner shows that the reader will have to decide what he believes in the end. Works Cited Primary Sources Beer, John. Romanticism, Revolution and Language. The Fate of the Word from Samuel Johnson to George Eliot. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Bentley, Gerald Decades, Jar. William Blake. The Critical Heritage. London and Boston